Europe

=Islam in Europe =  · Europe was full of Christians, most of them converted to Islam  · Hurun al Rashid ascended the throne of the caliphs  · He dazzled the Christians with mosques  · nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia, the Seljuk Turks  · their army was able to restore political to reduce caliphate  · western Europe and the Islamic world through trade  · Spain and southern Italy -> crusades  · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Muslim weapons such as damascenes swords were highly prized and sometimes copied by Europeans. <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Byzantium and orthodox empire <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">jihads- or holy wars <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">copts and Nestorians resented the rule of orthodox byzantine, taxed them heavily <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Cordoba, Spain was the city of light. The Great mosque of Cordoba <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">crusades attacked Jerusalem <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The Great dome of Rock, where Abraham almost sacrificed his son. <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Great learning had been lost to northern Europe during the nomadic invasions after the fall of Rome. <span style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; tabstops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">They mastered in Arabic, they had different types of clothes



<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Primary sources
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Map of important cities in Europe
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Summary on spread of Islam in Europe
<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> Many scholars think that Islam was emerged by different religions put together. In Arabic Islam means “submit” and Muslims mean surrender to God. Islam started in Mecca, they city of Prophet Muhammad. Mecca revolved around the Ka’ba, which was the center of trade. In just 100 years became the largest empire the world has ever seen. In Europe there were mainly Christians. Anti-Muslims were called crusades. They attacked Jerusalem in 1099. Saladin was a leader for decades; he reconquered most of the crusades. Saladin’s death in 1193 and the last of the crusaders kingdom were lost with the fall of Acre in 1291. Muslim weapons such as the famous damascene swords were copied by Europeans, who always wanted to improve their methods of making war. Europeans covered much of Greek learning that had been lost to northern Europe after the fall of Rome. They mastered in Arabic numerals, thus very good at mathematics and science. Europeans had names for their different types of clothes such as taffeta. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Architecture in Europe was the Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain. It was the center of culture and learning. It was called the city of light. The Dome of Rock in Jerusalem is built on a sacred stone like the Ka’ba. Abraham almost sacrifices his son on the stone. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The great **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-weight: normal;">golden dome ** was originally made of g old, but was replaced with copper and then aluminum. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> In summary, Islam expanded in Europe through Cordoba, Toledo, Sicily, and Jerusalem.

=By: Warda Khurram=